基因編輯技術CRISPR GENOME EDITING
基因神剪CRISPR，剪貼DNA有一套”Scissors” that can cut and paste DNA
一切都始於針對一種細菌的調直；這種細菌能在人類身上造成嚴重健康問題。法國科學家伊曼紐爾·夏彭提耶當時期盼能研發出一種新的抗生素；她在科學好奇心的驅使之下，發現這種細菌只要遭受病毒攻擊，就會利用一種分子剪斷對方的DNA；然後，該分子就會把那些剪下的基因片段儲存起來，供未來參考。 夏彭提耶在二O一一年發表自己的發現，並開始與在波多黎各一場會議上認識的美國研究員珍妮佛·杜德納合作。她們共同簡化了該分子，並將其命名為CRISPR-Cas9「常間回文重複序列叢集關聯蛋白」。
她們得到的不是一種新式抗生素，而是一個基因工具，能夠透過精確編程移除任何細胞的DNA特定段落。然後，該細胞的DNA可以在特定段落被取走之後自行癒合，抑或是再次利用CRISPR-Cas9將剪掉的段落以別的段落取代。
夏彭提耶與杜德納於二O一二年發表了兩人的研究CRSPR基因剪刀，然後徹底改變了成功編輯基因的前景。
不同於先前其他手法．CRISPR不但易於使用，而且極度精確又高度有效。
It began with the investigation into a type of bacteria that can cause serious health problems in humans. Emmanuelle Charpentier, a French scientist, was hoping to develop a new type of antibiotic. Her scientific curiosity led to the discovery of a molecule that the bacteria used to cut up the DNA of any virus that attacked it. The molecule would then take the gene fragments and store them for future reference. Charpentier published her findings in the discovery of a molecule that the bacteria used to cut up the DNA of any virus that attacked it. The molecule would then take the gene fragments and store them for future reference. Charpentier published her findings in 2011 and started collaborating with Jennifer Doudna, an American researcher that she had met at a conference in Puerto Rico.
Together they managed to simplify the molecule, which they called CRISPR-Cas9. Instead of a new type of antibiotic, they now had a genetic tool that could be accurately programmed to remove a specific part of any cell's DNA. Then that DNA could be left to heal without the removed section, or CRIS Cas9 could DNA could replace the cut-out part with a new section. Charpentier and Doudna published their discover of the CRISPR method in 2012, and it completely changed the prospects for successfully editing genes. Unlike previous methods, the CRISPR tool was easy to use, extremely accurate and highly effective.
cut up切碎
We need to cut up these vegetable before we cook them.
cut up胡鬧；故意出洋相
Sam always cuts up in class and makes everyone laugh, including the teacher.
cut up批評；抨擊
Mr. Franks cut up my presentation from beginning to end. 從頭到尾批評的體無完膚
fragment碎片；片段
The boys found some bone fragments in the river that turned out to be from dinosaurs.
Helen only told us fragments of the story, not the entire thing, so we don’t know what really happened.
You must have a subject and a verb in your sentence, or it is considered a fragment.句子裡必須要有主詞和動詞，不然就不完整。
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats （CRISPR）
DNA
Used to kind of describe a company’s culture or something like that, or an office culture.
Well, it’s part of our DNA.
It’s part of our office’s DNA.
it began with…
It began with a delicious breakfast that my family and I made together.
antibiotic
for future reference
in our lesson it means to be used in the future, but this could also mean to keep in mind or remember for later.
edit out把不想要的部分剪掉【文字編輯、電影、廣播節目】
edit 編輯；剪輯
The director wants to edit out the violent scene.
simplify簡化
Professor Evans can simplify any math concept so that even I can understand it.
Chris wishes they would simplify the tax laws so people wouldn’t have to hire specialists to do their taxes every year.
We simplified the rules of the game so that little kids could play with us.
genetic基因的；遺傳的
Red hair and freckles are genetic traits that are passed down in Faith’ family. 紅頭髮和雀斑是Faith 家族代代相傳的基因特徵。
Researchers are working hard to determine what causes genetic diseases.
The lab changed the genetic makeup of these plants to make them heartier.改變植物的基因組合，讓他們更健康
to manage to ＋（ｖ）
accidental discovery
oftentimes scientists are thinking that they are discovering one thing but end up finding something different, or other inventors have done this as well.
physical/ emotional wounds
unlike previously methods, CRISPR is easy to use.
genome基因組
deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA
