奈米醫學Nanomedicine
小小奈米，讓世界大大不同Working on a small scale to make a big difference
聽起來複雜，不過簡單來說，脂質體就只是一個奈米大小的載體，能將藥物連送到身體的目標部位。
製造脂質體的方法很多，最終都能形成包裹藥物分子、小至十奈米的囊泡。
這種囊泡的外部能夠經由鎖定，使其僅與特定類型的細胞連結；而此舉將能讓藥物分子只傳遞至特定細胞。
此外，藥物本身在通過人體時也會因為脂質體的保護壁而不致於提早分解。
脂質體得以保護囊泡内攜帶藥物的能力在二O二O年獲得證明更是至關重要，當時研究人員正投入使用mRNA信使核糖核酸開發一種新疫苗。
雖然細胞能夠使用mRNA產生蛋白質，但是mRNA在人體內數小時即會降解。
然而，包覆在脂質體中的mRNA便能獲得足夠的穩定時間完成一項特殊工作：教導人體細胞製造外來入侵蛋白的副本。
如此一來，細胞便能成功複製新冠肺炎病毒特有的一種小蛋白，繼而安全啟動人體免疫系統，從而預防感染新冠肺炎。
奈米醫學已然對公共衛生產生巨大影響，並且可望於未來獲得極大成就。
It all sounds complicated, but in simple terms a liposome is nothing more than a nanometer-sized container that can carry medicine to a targeted part of the body.
There are many ways to create liposomes, which form capsules as small as 10nm
across that contain medication. The outside of the capsule can be keyed to connect only with certain types of cells.
This targets the delivery of the medication to those cells only. Additionally, the medication itself is protected from breaking down as it travels through the body by the protective walls of the liposome.
The ability of liposomes to protect the medication they carry proved vital in 2020 when researchers were developing a new type of vaccine using MRNA. Cells use MRNA to produce proteins, but MRNA degrades within hours in humans.
Inside a liposome, however, MRNA can be stabilized long enough to do a special job: instructing cells inside our bodies to create a copy of a foreign protein. In this case, cells copy a small protein unique to the COVID-19 virus, which safely activates the body's immune system and prevents infection. Nanomedicine has already made a huge impact on public health and promises great things in the future.
capsule膠囊
Many people prefer to take their medication in capsule form than in tablet form.喜歡膠囊而不是錠劑
capsule太空艙；飛機的彈射座艙
Three people can live comfortably for up to two months in the new space capsule.
capsule小容器
Our class decided that each person would put one item in a time capsule to be buried now and dug up in 50 years.
time capsule裝著具有當代具有象徵性物品的小容器（通常埋在地底下）；時間膠囊
key to 使適合於…；針對某個目的所做的安排
Every class at this school is keyed to meet the special needs of its students.
滿足學生的特殊需要
key（n.）關鍵
Mr. Franklin is the key to getting this project approved.
in simple terms
in layman’s terms
even if you’re not a scientist, you’ll be able to understand it.
We’re going to show you in simple terms.
Layman: someone who is part of a religious organization, but they are not specially trained, and they’re not on staff, perhaps.
They are not a priest in a church. They just go to the church.
target audience
What that piece of media is intended for.
The target audience of that cartoon is children.
No matter how you use the word ”target,” it’s going to have the idea of an aim or a goal. Sometimes it’s positive; sometimes it’s negative.
break down
how you want to use things that can break down or decompose naturally.
Usually those are materials that are easily compostable. And that way they can return to dirt as soon as possible, and they’re not going to clutter up our Earth.
break down crying
you just can’t take it anymore, and you are so emotional and upset that you just start crying really hard.
protective
over-protective parent
take a shot 鼓起勇氣；給自己機會去做有難度的事
to attempt or try to do something successfully
I often encourage my kids to take a shot at things they haven’t done before as the learning process is often more important than the results.
I should take a shot and audition for the role.
take shots攻擊別人
to criticize or make hurtful comments about someone
the meeting deteriorated quickly when the two managers took shots at each other.
I don’t enjoy watching political debates because politicians often end up taking shots at each other.
To wrap up, take a shot at trying new things you’ve never done before. But don’t take shots at others as you might regret the hurtful comments you made in the heat of the moment. 盛怒之下，一時激動
vaccine
Before a vaccine for Covid 19 could be tested and approved millions of people died.
Many states require kids to have the basic vaccines before they attend public school.
vaccinate（v.）注射疫苗
The country is trying to vaccinate as many people as possible against the disease.
degrade降低損害；自然分解
Some plastics begin to degrade as soon as they are put in sunlight.
The hills in this area have degraded because most of the vegetation has been removed from them.
degrade貶低；污辱
The professor always makes degrading remarks about his students, so no one wants to take his class. 常說貶低學生的話
to prove＋（adj.）
proved worthy/ necessary/ helpful
The detectives thought the old woman was crazy at first, but in the end her eyewitness report proved helpful.
stay on top of things
I want to stay on top of things. I want to know about our social media usage. I want to be informed on how we can link our business with customers. It’s important to know the latest information.
immune system
mRNS
