咕咕愛囉唆

奈米醫學Nanomedicine

小小奈米，讓世界大大不同Working on a small scale to make a big differnce

在一個字的前面加上nano時，就表示論及一種非常非常微小的東西；例如，一奈米指一公尺的十億分之一。

人類的皮膚細胞約莫三萬奈米寬；其中的DNA直徑則只有二奈米左右。

奈米醫學指的是奈米科技的醫學層面應用；能以多種形式進行，而且對於疾病診斷和治療都有極大助益。

此外，奈米醫學在開發新藥方面也極有遠景。

一九六五年，當時一名英國科學家使用電子顯微鏡檢查胞的特性；他發現構成細胞膜的分子可以被誘導成有用的形狀。

結果便製造出脂質體，一種能夠作為藥物遞送系統載體的全新奈米粒子。

一九九五年，第一種使用脂質體的癌症治療藥物在美國獲得批准上市。

從那時起，脂質體的製造獲得重大進展，繼而提高脂質體在醫療保健層面的實用性。

今時今日，奈米醫學已實際運用於各種特定治療，其中一些則持續於全球普及推行中。

When you add “nano" to the front of a word, it means you are talking about something very, very small. A nanometer (nm), for example, is one billionth of a meter. A human skin cell is about 30,000 nm wide. The DNA inside it is only around 2 nanometers in diameter.

Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. It can take a wide variety of forms and greatly helps with both the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. It also has a lot of promise in developing new medications.

In 1965, a British scientist was examining the properties of cells using an electron microscope. He found that the molecules that make up cell membranes can be

coaxed into a useful shape. The result was

the creation of the liposome, a brand-new

nanoparticle that could be used as a

drug-delivery system.

In 1995, the first cancer treatment drug using liposomes was approved in the U.S. Since then, major developments have been made in the production of liposomes that have increased their usefulness in health care. Today, nanomedicine is used

in several treatments, some of which are being distributed around the globe.

diagnosis診斷

Just after Meredith received her diagnosis of cancer, she started treatment.

The doctors can’t give Bob a diagnosis regarding his back pain until his tests are completed.

diagnose （v.）診斷

Sam’s brother was diagnosed with heart disease last year.

medication藥物

Sean is about to run out of his blood pressure medication.

Make sure your doctor explains how our medication will help you.

medicate （v.）用藥物治療

Samantha medicates her dog every night to help his itchy skin.

medicine vs. medication

medicine：we used this word to talk in general about the art or science of healing

Now I know often colloquially用口語體；用通俗語, that is, when were just talking about medicine and having to take things to help us feel better, we might use the word "medicine" as well when maybe we should use the word "medication" because a medication refers more specifically to the substance or the pill or something that you might take.

We wouldn’t say take your medicine.

We would say, more specifically, if you say take your medication, we know you’re talking about the pills that your doctor prescribed or maybe a powder or something like that.

meds  a short for medication

miniscule

a way to say that something is so tiny, maybe you can hardly even see it.

teeny-weeny很小的，小小的

decameter= 10 m.

We have Diameter, Circumference, Radius, Pi.

get under one’s skin一件事讓人很討厭

annoy or irritate someone a lot.

Something that gets under your skin really irritates and bothers you.

Annie’s roommate often leaves dirty dishes in the sink.

The image this idiom comes from is that of an insect or splinter that gets under your skin, causing great discomfort.

That noise is getting under my skin.

If someone is romantically interested in another person and can’t get that person out of his or her mind, we can also use the idiom, to get under one’s skin.

Scott is constantly talking about the new girl he’s dating. she got under his skin.

membrane薄膜；膜狀物

Doctors are seeing more and more patients who have damaged the membrane in their ears by listening to loud music on their headphones.

The membrane between our deck and garage has to be replaced because it is leaking water.

The mucous membrane inside your nose stops dirt from entering your body. 鼻黏膜

coax耐心處理；慢慢弄好

We finally found enough dry weeds and small tree branches to coax a fire into existence. 找到足夠的乾草和樹枝把火慢慢地生起來

coax用好話哄誘、勸誘

On the first day of school, the parents of many first graders had to coax them into staying in the classroom.

Sally finally coaxed Billy into going out to dinner.

make up

molecules that make up cell membranes.

properties

Something is made up of or that it consists of.

Something makes up something else, that means you know what is inside that thing.

What are you made up?

What are the character qualities or morals that you have?

electron microscope

liposome

brand spanking new

…approved

major development

It’s happening in the science world or technology, and it is a really influential or powerful thing that is coming onto the scene.

I haven’t checked the news since last night. Have there been any major development? Has anything changed?

diagnosis

diagnose your problem

when I touch my shoulder, it hurts so much.

you have a broken finger

a tough pill to swallow

You’re able to take advice that you give to other people as well

難以接受之物；滋味難受、滋味不好受

如果某件事讓你很難接受，或某物的滋味很不好受，你可以說It’s a tough pill to swallow.

Serena lost to Venus in the 2000 Wimbledon semifinals and again in the U.S. Open final a year later. That 6-2, 6-4 humiliation at Flushing Meadows, in particular, was a tough pill for her to swallow.小威在二○○○年溫布頓四強賽輸給大威，同一年稍後又在美國公開賽的決賽中敗北，對她來說，在美國國家網球中心以六比二，六比四的比數遭到羞辱的滋味特別難受。

Going all the way to the final in Paris－and losing－may be the most bitter pill for a pro to swallow.

對一位職業選手來說，好不容易打到法國公開賽的決賽卻又輸球的滋味，可能是最不好受的。

（someone） can’t take his/her own medicine

以其人之道，還治其人之身Have a taste of your own medicine.自己嚐一下你自己的藥

An eye for an eye / a tooth for a tooth以眼還眼/以牙還牙